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GIS and Geospatial Analysis Services
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Topography of small areas or larger regions can be analysed for various characteristics, including:
 | | Slope of Land
|  | | Direction each slope faces (aspect)
|  | | Viewsheds
|  | | Shadows
|  | | Watersheds | | | |
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Land Use can be broadly analysed for locations or regions. The entire United States is covered by the US Geological Survey; in some areas, more detailed data is also available.
Any image can be projected via a perspective view over the topography of the region, as in the image at right that shows the relationship between topography and land use in Ithaca, NY.
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Historical Change is an important part of planning, and can be best seen by combining information from older maps that are georeferenced and overlayed with modern information. History can be explanatory, showing why things occurred the way that they did; predictive, showing trends that might continue into the future; and suggestive, helping identify potential opportunities for intervention.
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